Supp. File(s): Covering Letters
Exposure and knowledge on peanut aflatoxin B1 among urban consumer in Jakarta, Indonesia
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L), an important food in the Indonesian diet, has been reported to be contaminated with the carcinogenic Aflatoxin B1. However, research on consumer knowledge of and exposure to AfB1 from peanuts in Indonesia is limited. This study aimed to assess the exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) in peanuts consumed by urban Jakarta and their knowledge of aflatoxin risk. This observational study had a cross-sectional design and involved 192 randomly selected respondents. Peanut intake frequency was measured using a semi-quantitative FFQ instrument. Questionnaires were used to collect data regarding knowledge and income. The AfB1 content was analyzed using HPLC. Pearson Chi-Square test was used for analysis. The results showed that AfB1 contaminants were present in all the samples. Respondents who frequently consumed high amounts of peanuts and processed products were exposed to AfB1, with a median of 22,55 ppb bb/day. There were no significant relationships between knowledge and AfB1 exposure (p= 0,874), age (p= 0,884), or income (p= 0,355). In conclusion, aflatoxin B1 exposure was high in urban areas. No relationship was found between knowledge of and exposure to AfB1 peanuts. Inter-sectoral strengthening of the empowerment and control of aflatoxin exposure is needed, as are economic and health impact studies on AfB1 exposure.
Supplement Files
Keywords : aflatoxin B1 exposure, contaminated peanuts, knowledge, urban
- Awuor, A. O., Wambura, G., Ngere, I., Hunsperger, E., Onyango, C., Bigogo, G., Blum, L. S., Munyua, P., Njenga, M. K., & Widdowson, M. A. (2023). A mixed methods assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to aflatoxin contamination and exposure among caregivers of children under 5 years in western Kenya. Public Health Nutrition, 26(12), 3013–3022. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000150
- Ayo, E. M., Matemu, A., Laswai, G. H., & Kimanya, M. E. (2018). Socioeconomic Characteristics Influencing Level of Awareness of Aflatoxin Contamination of Feeds among Livestock Farmers in Meru District of Tanzania. Scientifica, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3485967
- BPOM. (2018). Regulation on Maximum limit of chemical contaminant in processed food (Batas Maksimum Cemaran Kimia Pangan Olahan) (Patent 8). BPOM.
- Balendres, M. A. O., Karlovsky, P., & Cumagun, C. J. R. (2019). Mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in agricultural crop commodities in the Philippines: A review. In Foods (Vol. 8, Issue 7). MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070249
- Chen, T., Liu, J., Li, Y., & Wei, S. (2022). Burden of Disease Associated with Dietary Exposure to Aflatoxins in China in 2020. Nutrients, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051027
- Dharmaputra, O. S. (2014). Fungi, mycotaoxins and their control in Indonesian food and feedstuff. SEAMEO BIOTROP. https://www.biotrop.org/publication/show/fungi-mycotoxins-and-theircontrol-in-indonesian-food-and-feedstuff
- Ding, X., Wu, L., Li, P., Zhang, Z., Zhou, H., Bai, Y., Chen, X., & Jiang, J. (2015). Risk assessment on dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in post-harvest peanuts in the yangtze river ecological region. Toxins, 7(10), 4157–4174. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7104157
- Mbabazi, J. (2011). Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 68(2), 251–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2010.549617
- Horwitz, W., & Latimer, G. W. (2000). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (Vol. 1, p. 17). Gaithersburg: AOAC international. Retrieved May 5, 2024, from https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/aoac.methods.1.1990.pdf
- Gichohi-Wainaina, W. N., Kumwenda, N. C., Harry, M., Matumba, L., Njoroge, S. M. C., & Okori, P. (2022). Aflatoxin in cereals and groundnut from small holder farming households in Malawi. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 15(4), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2022.2101069
- Hoffmans, Y., Schaarschmidt, S., Fauhl-Hassek, C., & van der Fels-Klerx, H. J. (2022). Factors during Production of Cereal-Derived Feed That Influence Mycotoxin Contents. In Toxins (Vol. 14, Issue 5). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050301
- Jallow, A., Xie, H., Tang, X., Qi, Z., & Li, P. (2021). Worldwide aflatoxin contamination of agricultural products and foods: From occurrence to control. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(3), 2332–2381. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12734
- Jubeen, F., Zahra, N., Nazli, Zi. I. H., Saleemi, M. K., Aslam, F., Naz, I., Farhat, L. B., Saleh, A., Alshawwa, S. Z., & Iqbal, M. (2022). Risk Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in Edible Oils. Toxins, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14080547
- Kaburi, S. A., Appiah, F., Lamptey, F. P., & Otoo, G. S. (2023). Controlling aflatoxin in maize: The effects of varieties, packaging materials, and agroecological zones. Heliyon, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21645
- Karlovsky, P., Suman, M., Berthiller, F., de Meester, J., Eisenbrand, G., Perrin, I., Oswald, I. P., Speijers, G., Chiodini, A., Recker, T., & Dussort, P. (2016). Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. In Mycotoxin Research (Vol. 32, Issue 4, pp. 179–205). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7
- Lesuuda, L., Obonyo, M. A., & Cheserek, M. J. (2021). Determinants of knowledge about aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in sorghum and postharvest practices among caregivers of children aged 6–59 months in Kerio Valley, Kenya. Food Science and Nutrition, 9(10), 5435–5447. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2502
- Liu, Y., Galani Yamdeu, J. H., Gong, Y. Y., & Orfila, C. (2020). A review of postharvest approaches to reduce fungal and mycotoxin contamination of foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(4), 1521–1560. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12562
- Marechera, G., & Ndwiga, J. (2014). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Farmer perceptions of aflatoxin management strategies in lower Eastern Kenya. 6(12), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD14.0621
- Matumba, L., Monjerezi, M., Kankwamba, H., Njoroge, S. M. C., Ndilowe, P., Kabuli, H., Kambewa, D., & Njapau, H. (2016). Knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning presence of molds in foods among members of the general public in Malawi. Mycotoxin Research, 32(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-015-0237-3
- Me, V., Schoonees, A., Cn, E., Np, R., Ce, N., Me, V., Schoonees, A., Cn, E., Np, R., & Ce, N. (2020). Agricultural and nutritional education interventions for reducing aflatoxin exposure to improve infant and child growth in low- and middle-income countries (Review). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013376.pub2.www.cochranelibrary.com
- Muñoz, K., Wagner, M., Pauli, F., Christ, J., & Reese, G. (2021). Knowledge and behavioral habits to reduce mycotoxin dietary exposure at household level in a cohort of german university students. Toxins, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13110760
- Nugraha, A., Khotimah, K., & Rietjens, I. M. C. M. (2018). Risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 exposure from maize and peanut consumption in Indonesia using the margin of exposure and liver cancer risk estimation approaches. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 113, 134–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.036
- Sserumaga, J. P., Ortega-Beltran, A., Wagacha, J. M., Mutegi, C. K., & Bandyopadhyay, R. (2020). Aflatoxin-producing fungi associated with pre-harvest maize contamination in Uganda. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108376
- Udomkun, P., Wossen, T., Nabahungu, N. L., Mutegi, C., Vanlauwe, B., & Bandyopadhyay, R. (2018). Incidence and farmers’ knowledge of aflatoxin contamination and control in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Food Science and Nutrition, 6(6), 1607–1620. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.735
- Yu, B., Jiang, H., Pandey, M. K., Huang, L., Huai, D., Zhou, X., Kang, Y., Varshney, R. K., Sudini, H. K., Ren, X., Luo, H., Liu, N., Chen, W., Guo, J., Li, W., Ding, Y., Jiang, Y., Lei, Y., & Liao, B. (2020). Identification of two novel peanut genotypes resistant to aflatoxin production and their SNP markers associated with resistance. Toxins, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12030156
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.