Influence of BAZ on fasting blood glucose levels as a prediabetes indicator in adolescents in Jambi City

Egy Sunanda Putra* -  Jurusan Promosi Kesehatan dan Pusat Unggulan IPTEK, Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia
Junita Junita -  Jurusan Keperawatan dan Pusat Unggulan IPTEK, Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Jambi, Jambi
Sarinah Siregar -  Jurusan Teknologi Laboratorium Medis dan Pusat Unggulan IPTEK, Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Jambi, Jambi
DOI : 10.30867/action.v9i4.1857

Supp. File(s): common.other common.other common.other common.other
Prediabetes is an intermediate stage of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). If left unresolved for 3-5 years, it can significantly increase the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Body mass index (BMI) for age score (BAZ) is a key indicator of lifestyle choices that influence the risk of prediabetes. Objective: To investigate the interaction between BAZ and fasting blood glucose as a prediabetes indicator. The methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Senior High School 2 in Jambi City in 2019. A total of 140 participants aged 15-18 years were included, meeting criteria such as parental/guardian consent, willingness to participate, and fasting from 11 p.m. to 7:30 a.m. Independent variables included a family history of diabetes mellitus, family history of obesity, consumption of carbohydrates, fats, sugary drinks, waist-to-height ratio, physical activity, and BMI. The dependent variable, prediabetes, was measured using fasting blood glucose with a spectrophotometer biochemical analyzer AE-600N at a wavelength of 500 nm. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression analysis, The results showed a significant interaction between BMI and prediabetes (p=0,026; OR=4,34) after confounding factor analysis of family history of diabetes (p=0,050; OR=3,00), physical activity (p=0,020; OR=5,012), and sugar-sweetened beverages (p=0,018; OR=4,21), even after adjusting for other independent variables. In conclusion, BAZ > 1 SD was the dominant factor associated with an increased risk of prediabetes.

Supplement Files

Keywords : Glucose intolerance, insulin sensitivity, in paired glucose

  1. Arslanian, S., Bacha, F., Grey, M., Marcus, M. D., White, N. H., & Zeitler, P. (2018). Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: A position statement by the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care, 41(12), 2648–2668. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0052
  2. Astuti, A. (2019). Usia, Obesitas dan Aktifitas Fisik Beresiko Terhadap Prediabetes. Jurnal Endurance, 4(2), 319. https://doi.org/10.22216/jen.v4i2.3757
  3. Bacha, F., Lee, S., Gungor, N., & Arslanian, S. A. (2010). From pre-diabetes to type 2 diabetes in obese youth: pathophysiological characteristics along the spectrum of glucose dysregulation. Diabetes Care, 33(10), 2225–2231. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC10-0004
  4. Barazzoni, R., Deutz, N. E. P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Cuerda, C., Delzenne, N., Leon Sanz, M., Ljungqvist, O., Muscaritoli, M., Pichard, C., Preiser, J. C., Sbraccia, P., Singer, P., Tappy, L., Thorens, B., Van Gossum, A., Vettor, R., & Calder, P. C. (2017). Carbohydrates and insulin resistance in clinical nutrition: Recommendations from the ESPEN expert group. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 36(2), 355–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLNU.2016.09.010
  5. Chan, Y. Y., Lim, K. K., Lim, K. H., Teh, C. H., Kee, C. C., Cheong, S. M., Khoo, Y. Y., Baharudin, A., Ling, M. Y., Omar, M. A., & Ahmad, N. A. (2017). Physical activity and overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults: findings from the 2015 National Health and morbidity survey (NHMS). BMC Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-017-4772-Z
  6. Davidson, K. W., Barry, M. J., Mangione, C. M., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., Davis, E. M., Donahue, K. E., Doubeni, C. A., Krist, A. H., Kubik, M., Li, L., Ogedegbe, G., Owens, D. K., Pbert, L., Silverstein, M., Stevermer, J., Tseng, C. W., & Wong, J. B. (2021). Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 326(8), 736–743. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2021.12531
  7. Djap, H. S., Sutrisna, B., Soewondo, P., Djuwita, R., & Timotius, K. H. (2018). Waist to height ratio ( 0 . 5 ) as a predictor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in Indonesia Waist to height ratio ( 0 . 5 ) as a predictor for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in Indonesia. 0–6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012311
  8. Dutta, A., Kumar, A., & Kumari, S. (2020). Correlation between non-diabetic fasting blood glucose levels and 2-h post loading blood sugar levels with waist-to-height ratio in rural population of Malwa region of Central India. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5455/NJPPP.2020.10.0931726112019
  9. Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., & Selvin, E. (2020). Prediabetes and What It Means: The Epidemiological Evidence. Annual Review of Public Health, 42, 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644
  10. Guess, N. (2018). Dietary Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in High-Risk Groups: Current State of Evidence and Future Research Needs. Nutrients, 10(9), 1245. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091245
  11. Gupta, A. K., Menon, A., Brashear, M., & Johnson, W. D. (2018). Prediabetes. In Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions for Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome (Second Edi). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812019-4.00002-7
  12. Huang, L., Fang, Y., & Tang, L. (2021). Comparisons of different exercise interventions on glycemic control and insulin resistance in prediabetes: a network meta-analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12902-021-00846-Y
  13. Jiang, Y., Dou, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Wang, Y., Rodrigues, M., & Yan, W. (2021). Performance of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for identifying cardiometabolic risk in children: a meta-analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 13(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00688-7
  14. Junita, Siregar S, P. E. (2021). Interaksi Konsumsi minuman manis prediktor risiko prediabetes remaja Kota Jambi. Riset Informasi Kesehatan, 10(2), 89–97. http://jurnal.stikes-hi.ac.id/index.php/rik/article/view/538/178
  15. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2024). Survei Kesehata Indonesia. In Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan, Jakarta (Vol. 01).
  16. Kesehatan Masyarakat, F., Kurnia Saraswati, S., Dhista Rahmaningrum, F., Naufal Zidane Pahsya, M., Paramitha, N., Wulansari, A., Rossa Ristantya, A., Magdalena Sinabutar, B., Estetika Pakpahan, V., & Nandini, N. (2021). Literature Review : Faktor Risiko Penyebab Obesitas. MEDIA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT INDONESIA, 20(1), 70–74. https://doi.org/10.14710/MKMI.20.1.70-74
  17. Khoiriyah, D., Murbawani, E. A., & Panunggal, B. (2018). Hubungan Asupan Karbohidrat dan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Prediabetes pada Wanita Dewasa. https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/jgi/
  18. Kuwabara, M., Kuwabara, R., Niwa, K., Hisatome, I., Smits, G., Roncal-Jimenez, C. A., Maclean, P. S., Yracheta, J. M., Ohno, M., Lanaspa, M. A., Johnson, R. J., & Jalal, D. I. (2018). Different Risk for Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Hyperuricemia According to Level of Body Mass Index in Japanese and American Subjects. Nutrients 2018, Vol. 10, Page 1011, 10(8), 1011. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU10081011
  19. Kwak, J. H., Jo, G., Chung, H. K., & Shin, M. J. (2019). Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension in Korean adults: a prospective study. European Journal of Nutrition, 58(3), 1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00394-018-1617-1
  20. Lee, G., Han, J. H., Maeng, H. J., & Lim, S. (2020). Three-Month Daily Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Affects the Liver, Adipose Tissue, and Glucose Metabolism. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 29(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.7570/JOMES19042
  21. Lee, H. J., Shim, Y. S., Yoon, J. S., Jeong, H. R., Kang, M. J., & Hwang, I. T. (2021). Distribution of waist-to-height ratio and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a population-based study. Scientific Reports 2021 11:1, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88951-9
  22. Li, S., Cao, M., Yang, C., Zheng, H., & Zhu, Y. (2019). Association of sugar-sweetened beverage intake with risk of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in urban China. Public Health Nutrition, 23(15). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019003653
  23. Lie, S., Morrison, J. L., Williams-Wyss, O., Suter, C. M., Humphreys, D. T., Ozanne, S. E., Zhang, S., MacLaughlin, S. M., Kleemann, D. O., Walker, S. K., Roberts, C. T., & Caroline McMillen, I. (2014). Periconceptional undernutrition programs changes in insulin-signaling molecules and microRNAs in skeletal muscle in singleton and twin fetal sheep. Biology of Reproduction, 90(1). https://doi.org/10.1095/BIOLREPROD.113.109751
  24. Liu, C., Wu, S., & Pan, X. (2021). Clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors and pre-diabetes among U.S. adolescents. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5015. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-021-84128-6
  25. Lobos, D. R., Vicuña, I. A., Novik, V., & Vega, C. A. (2017). Effect of high and low glycemic index breakfast on postprandial metabolic parameters and satiety in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus under intensive insulin therapy: Controlled clinical trial. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 20, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.04.082
  26. Ly, T. T., Maahs, D. M., Rewers, A., Dunger, D., Oduwole, A., & Jones, T. W. (2014). Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 15(S20), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12174
  27. Ma, J., Jacques, P. F., Meigs, J. B., Fox, C. S., Rogers, G. T., Smith, C. E., Hruby, A., Saltzman, E., & McKeown, N. M. (2016). Sugar-sweetened beverage but not diet soda consumption is positively associated with progression of insulin resistance and prediabetes. Journal of Nutrition, 146(12), 2544–2550. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.234047
  28. Menke, A., Casagrande, S., & Cowie, C. C. (2016). Prevalence of diabetes in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in the United States, 2005-2014. In JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association (Vol. 316, Issue 3, pp. 344–345). American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.8544
  29. Min, J. E., Green, D. B., & Kim, L. (2017). Calories and sugars in boba milk tea: implications for obesity risk in Asian Pacific Islanders. Food Science and Nutrition, 5(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.362
  30. Monhaty, B. (2018). Prediabetes precursor to type 2 diabetes ,act today - block the road to diabetes. Indian Journal of Research, 7(3), 188–189. https://doi.org/10.36106
  31. Nanditha, A., Ma, R. C. W., Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Chan, J. C. N., Chia, K. S., Shaw, J. E., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2016). Diabetes in Asia and the Pacific: Implications for the Global Epidemic. Diabetes Care, 39(3), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC15-1536
  32. Narasimhan, S., & Weinstock, R. S. (2014). Youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: lessons learned from the TODAY study. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89(6), 806–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MAYOCP.2014.01.009
  33. Park, K. S., & Hwang, S. Y. (2020). Lifestyle-related predictors affecting prediabetes and diabetes in 20-30-year-old young Korean adults. Epidemiology and Health, 42, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020014
  34. Putra, E. S., & Junita. (2022). Rasio lingkar pinggang tinggi badan dan aktivitas fisik sebagai risiko prediabetes remaja Kota Jambi. Riset Informasi Kesehatan, 11(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.30644/rik.v11i1.626
  35. Rodríguez, L. A., Madsen, K. A., Cotterman, C., & Lustig, R. H. (2016). Added sugar intake and metabolic syndrome in US adolescents: Cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2012. Public Health Nutrition, 19(13), 2424–2434. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980016000057
  36. Seferidi, P., Millett, C., & Laverty, A. A. (2018). Sweetened beverage intake in association to energy and sugar consumption and cardiometabolic markers in children. Pediatric Obesity, 13(4), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12194
  37. Seo, Y. G., Lim, H., Kim, Y. M., Ju, Y. S., Choi, Y. J., Lee, H. J., Jang, H. B., Park, S. I., & Park, K. H. (2021). Effects of circuit training or a nutritional intervention on body mass index and other cardiometabolic outcomes in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. PLoS ONE, 16(1 January), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245875
  38. Shin, S., Kim, S. A., Ha, J., & Lim, K. (2018). Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: A cross-sectional study from the 2012–2016 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES). Nutrients, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101467
  39. Solikhah, L. (2019). Hubungan Konsumsi Ikan, Sarapan, Kualitas Tidur dan Rasio Lingkar Pinggang-Tinggi Badan dengan Kejadian Prediabetes pada Remaja Usia 14-18 Tahun. https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/78270/Hubungan-Konsumsi-Ikan-Sarapan-Kualitas-Tidur-dan-Rasio-Lingkar-Pinggang-Tinggi-Badan-dengan-Kejadian-Prediabetes-pada-Remaja-Usia-14-18-Tahun
  40. Teshima, N., Shimo, M., Miyazawa, K., Konegawa, S., Matsumoto, A., Onishi, Y., Sasaki, R., Suzuki, T., Yano, Y., Matsumoto, K., Yamada, T., Gabazza, E. C., Takei, Y., & Sumida, Y. (2015). Effects of sugar-sweetened beverage intake on the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Mihama diabetes prevention study. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 61(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.3177/JNSV.61.14
  41. Tseng, T.-S., Lin, W.-T., Gonzalez, G. V, Kao, Y.-H., Chen, L.-S., & Lin, H.-Y. (2021). Sugar intake from sweetened beverages and diabetes: A narrative review. World Journal of Diabetes, 12(9), 1530. https://doi.org/10.4239/WJD.V12.I9.1530
  42. Vasquez, F., Correa-Burrows, P., Blanco, E., Gahagan, S., & Burrows, R. (2019a). A waist-to-height ratio of 0.54 is a good predictor of metabolic syndrome in 16-year-old male and female adolescents. Pediatric Research, 85(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41390-018-0257-8
  43. Vasquez, F., Correa-Burrows, P., Blanco, E., Gahagan, S., & Burrows, R. (2019b). A waist-to-height ratio of 0.54 is a good predictor of metabolic syndrome in 16-year-old male and female adolescents. Pediatric Research, 85(3), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0257-8
  44. Wang, J. W., Light, K., Henderson, M., O’Loughlin, J., Mathieu, M. E., Paradis, G., & Gray-Donald, K. (2014). Consumption of added sugars from liquid but not solid sources predicts impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance among youth at risk of obesity. Journal of Nutrition, 144(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.182519
  45. Weiss, R., Santoro, N., Giannini, C., Galderisi, A., Umano, G. R., & Caprio, S. (2017). Prediabetes in youths: mechanisms and biomarkers. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 1(3), 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30044-5
  46. Zhang, F. L., Ren, J. X., Zhang, P., Jin, H., Qu, Y., Yu, Y., Guo, Z. N., & Yang, Y. (2021). Strong Association of Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR), and Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR) with Diabetes: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Jilin Province, China. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812431
  47. Zuniga, R. E., & Deboer, M. D. (2021). Prediabetes in adolescents: Prevalence, management and diabetes prevention strategies. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 14, 4609–4619. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S284401

Open Access Copyright (c) 2024 Egy Sunanda Putra, Junita Junita, Sarinah Siregar
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal
Published by: Department of Nutrition at the Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Ministry of Health.
Soekarno-Hatta Street, No. 168. Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, 23352. Telp/Fax: 0651 46126 / 0651 46121.
Website: https://gizipoltekkesaceh.ac.id/
E-mail: jurnal6121@gmail.com

e-issn: 2548-5741, p-issn: 2527-3310

All content is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License

View My Stats

Get a feed by atom here, RRS2 here and OAI Links here