Identification of Candida species in faeces of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) carbohydrate and noncarbohydrates diets

Yuni Retnaningtyas* -  Department Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy University of Jember. Jl. Kalimantan I/2, Jember, Jawa Timur, 68121, Indonesia
Dewi Dianasari -  Department Biology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Jember, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Luna Ivanka Dwi Elavia -  Department Biology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Jember, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Ulfatul Munawaroh -  Department Biology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Jember, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
DOI : 10.30867/action.v7i2.746

Supp. File(s): common.other common.other common.other common.other common.other common.other

Increased colonization of Candida, especially C. albicans can occur in children with ASD and cause the severity of symptoms. One of the triggers for increased colonization in ASD children is the consumption of carbohydrates. This study aimed to identify Candida species in the faeces of ASD children who diet and nondiet carbohydrates from schools with special needs in Jember, East Java. The research design is a true experimental laboratory. The sample consisted of 26 ASD children and 13 healthy children as controls, with different subjects calculated using the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The test samples were identified for fungi by examining germ tube morphology, chlamydospores, and Candida species and compared with controls. The results showed differences in Candida species in the two test groups. Species C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. tropicalis were found in almost all the faeces of ASD children with noncarbohydrates diet. The species C. parapsilosis, and C. albicans were found in a small proportion of the faeces of ASD children's carbohydrate diet. In contrast, the species found in the control group were C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata. In conclusion, carbohydrate consumption can affect the Candida species in the faeces of children with ASD.

Supplement Files

Keywords : Candida species; Candidiasis; carbohydrate diets

  1. Böttcher, B., Pöllath, C., Staib, P., Hube, B., & Brunke, S. (2016). Candida species rewired hyphae developmental programs for chlamydospore formation. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01697
  2. Courchesne, E., Pramparo, T., Gazestani, V. H., Lombardo, M. V., Pierce, K., & Lewis, N. E. (2019). The ASD Living Biology: from cell proliferation to clinical phenotype. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0056-y
  3. De Angelis, G., Menchinelli, G., Torelli, R., De Carolis, E., Posteraro, P., Sanguinetti, M., & Posteraro, B. (2020). Different detection capabilities by mycological media for Candida isolates from mono- or dual-species cultures. PLoS ONE, 15(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226467
  4. Doreswamy, S., Bashir, A., Guarecuco, J. E., Lahori, S., Baig, A., Narra, L. R., Patel, P., & Heindl, S. E. (2020). Effects of diet, nutrition, and exercise in children with autism and autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Cureus, 12(12), 10. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12222
  5. Erdogan, A., & Rao, S. S. C. (2015). Small intestinal fungal overgrowth. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 17(4), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-015-0436-2
  6. Hossain, M. D., Ahmed, H. U., Jalal Uddin, M. M., Chowdhury, W. A., Iqbal, M. S., Kabir, R. I., Chowdhury, I. A., Aftab, A., Datta, P. G., Rabbani, G., Hossain, S. W., & Sarker, M. (2017). Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in South Asia: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1440-x
  7. Hughes, H. K., Rose, D., & Ashwood, P. (2018). The gut microbiota and dysbiosis in autism spectrum disorders. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0887-6
  8. Iovene, M. R., Bombace, F., Maresca, R., Sapone, A., Iardino, P., Picardi, A., Marotta, R., Schiraldi, C., Siniscalco, D., Serra, N., de Magistris, L., & Bravaccio, C. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis and yeast isolation in stool of subjects with autism spectrum disorders. Mycopathologia, 182(3–4), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-016-0068-6
  9. Jacobsen, I. D., & Hube, B. (2017). Candida albicans morphology: still in focus. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 15(4), 327–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1290524
  10. Kurtzman, C. P., Fell, J., & Boekhout, T. (2011). The yeasts: a taxonomic study. Elsevier Science.
  11. Lasheras, I., Seral, P., Latorre, E., Barroso, E., Gracia-García, P., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Microbiota and gut-brain axis dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: Evidence for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(1), 101874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101874
  12. Lyall, K., Croen, L., Daniels, J., Fallin, M. D., Ladd-Acosta, C., Lee, B. K., Park, B. Y., Snyder, N. W., Schendel, D., Volk, H., Windham, G. C., & Newschaffer, C. (2017). The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annual Review of Public Health, 38(3), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318
  13. Matare, T., Nziramasanga, P., Gwanzura, L., & Robertson, V. (2017). Experimental germ tube induction in candida albicans: An evaluation of the effect of sodium bicarbonate on morphogenesis and comparison with pooled human serum. BioMed Research International, Juni 2017, 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1976273
  14. Moya-Salazar, J., & Rojas, R. (2018). Comparative study for identification of Candida albicans with germ tube test in human serum and plasma. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 3(3), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.15761/cmid.1000143
  15. Nitschke, A., Deonandan, R., & Konkle, A. T. M. (2020). The link between autism spectrum disorder and gut microbiota: A scoping review. Autism, 24(6), 1328–1344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320913364
  16. Noble, S. M., Gianetti, B. A., & Witchley, J. N. (2017). Candida albicans cell-type switching and functional plasticity in the mammalian host. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 15(2), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.157
  17. Palige, K., Linde, J., Martin, R., Böttcher, B., Citiulo, F., Sullivan, D. J., Weber, J., Staib, C., Rupp, S., Hube, B., Morschhäuser, J., & Staib, P. (2013). Global Transcriptome Sequencing Identifies Chlamydospore Specific Markers in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061940
  18. Singh, D. K., Tóth, R., & Gácser, A. (2020). Mechanisms of pathogenic candida species to evade the host complement attack. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10(3), 94. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00094
  19. Srikantha, P., & Mohajeri, M. H. (2019). The possible role of the microbiota-gut-brain-axis in autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092115
  20. Staniszewska, M., Bondaryk, M., Swoboda-Kopec, E., Siennicka, K., Sygitowicz, G., & Kurzatkowski, W. (2013). Candida albicans morphologies revealed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44(3), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822013005000056
  21. Strati, F., Cavalieri, D., Albanese, D., De Felice, C., Donati, C., Hayek, J., Jousson, O., Leoncini, S., Renzi, D., Calabrò, A., & De Filippo, C. (2017). New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. Microbiome, 5(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0242-1
  22. Tas, A. A. (2018). Dietary strategies in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Progress in Nutrition, 20(4), 554–562. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v20i4.6693
  23. Torosantucci, A., Tumbarello, M., Bromuro, C., Chiani, P., Posteraro, B., Sanguinetti, M., Cauda, R., & Cassone, A. (2017). Antibodies against a β-glucan-protein complex of Candida albicans and its potential as indicator of protective immunity in candidemic patients. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02977-6
  24. Van Rooij, D., Anagnostou, E., Arango, C., Auzias, G., Behrmann, M., Busatto, G. F., Calderoni, S., Daly, E., Deruelle, C., Di Martino, A., Dinstein, I., Duran, F. L. S., Durston, S., Ecker, C., Fair, D., Fedor, J., Fitzgerald, J., Freitag, C. M., Gallagher, L., … Buitelaar, J. K. (2018). Cortical and subcortical brain morphometry differences between patients with autism spectrum disorder and healthy individuals across the lifespan: Results from the ENIGMA ASD working group. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010100
  25. Yazdanpanah, A., & Khaithir, T. M. N. (2014). Issues in identifying germ tube positive yeasts by conventional methods. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 28(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21635
  26. Zimbro, M. J., Power, D. A., Miller, S. M., Wilson, G. E., & Johnson, J. A. (2009). Difco & BBL Manual: Manual of microbiological culture media. In Citeseer. Becton Dickinson and Company.

Open Access Copyright (c) 2022 Yuni Retnaningtyas, Dewi Dianasari, Luna Ivanka, Ulfatul Munawaroh
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal
Published by: Department of Nutrition at the Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Ministry of Health.
Soekarno-Hatta Street, No. 168. Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, 23352. Telp/Fax: 0651 46126 / 0651 46121.
Website: https://gizipoltekkesaceh.ac.id/
E-mail: jurnal6121@gmail.com

e-issn: 2548-5741, p-issn: 2527-3310

All content is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License

View My Stats

Get a feed by atom here, RRS2 here and OAI Links here