The benefits of black rice bran and the potential of its bioactive compounds as antidiabetic agents

Rafika Eviana* -  Departemen Ilmu Gizi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
Nyoman Suci Widyastiti -  Departemen Patologi Klinik, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah,, Indonesia
Endang Mahati -  Departemen Farmasi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
DOI : 10.30867/action.v8i2.907

Supp. File(s): common.other common.other common.other

Prevention strategies for diabetes have been found to minimize the risk of the disease through lifestyle treatments such as physical exercise and nutrition. Plants with strong antioxidant activity have previously been discovered to be effective therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A total of 12 English articles were reviewed. Black rice bran, in its raw extract form, modulate the activity of enzymes, hormones, and molecular signaling related to glucose homeostasis in the body. Black rice bran increases the defense of pancreatic β cells against apoptosis. Bioactive substances in black rice bran such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, γ-oryzanol regulate diabetes-related molecular signaling which ultimately leads to improvement in glucose levels, insulin levels, restoration and protection of pancreatic β cells against apoptosis. These bioactive substances are also possible in suppressing oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant status and decreasing inflammation which is a common condition in diabetes. The conclusion of this literature review was black rice bran has the potential to have an antidiabetic effect through various mechanisms, in which this effect is possible due to the bioactive substances contained in it.

Supplement Files

Keywords : Antidiabetic, bioactive compounds, black rice bran, diabetes

  1. Al-Ishaq, R. K., Abotaleb, M., Kubatka, P., Kajo, K., & Büsselberg, D. (2019). Flavonoids and their anti-diabetic effects: Cellular mechanisms and effects to improve blood sugar levels. Biomolecules, 9(9), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090430
  2. Belwal, T., Nabavi, S. F., Nabavi, S. M., & Habtemariam, S. (2017). Dietary anthocyanins and insulin resistance: When food becomes a medicine. Nutrients, 9(10), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101111
  3. Blackman, S. M., & Cooke, D. W. (2013). Diabetes. Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry: Second Edition, 1, 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-378630-2.00035-9
  4. Boue, S. M., Daigle, K. W., Chen, M. H., Cao, H., & Heiman, M. L. (2016). Antidiabetic potential of purple and red rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(26), 5345–5353. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01909
  5. Chaiyasut, C., Sivamaruthi, B. S., Pengkumsri, N., Keapai, W., Kesika, P., Saelee, M., Tojing, P., Sirilun, S., Chaiyasut, K., Peerajan, S., & Lailerd, N. (2017). Germinated Thai black rice extract protects experimental diabetic rats from oxidative stress and other diabetes-related consequences. Pharmaceuticals, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph10010003
  6. Chayati, I., Sunarti, S., Marsono, Y., & Astuti, M. (2019). Anthocyanin Extract of Purple Corn Improves Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance of Rats Fed High Fat and Fructose Diet via GLP1 and GLP1R Mechanism. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 7(4), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-7-4-7
  7. Cheng, H. H., Ma, C. Y., Chou, T. W., Chen, Y. Y., & Lai, M. H. (2010). Gamma-oryzanol ameliorates insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia in rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 80(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000005
  8. Ding, Y., Zhang, Z., Dai, X., Jiang, Y., Bao, L., Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2013). Grape seed proanthocyanidins ameliorate pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and death in low-dose streptozotocin- and high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats partially by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nutrition and Metabolism, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-10-51
  9. Ghasemzadeh, A., Karbalaii, M. T., Jaafar, H. Z. E., & Rahmat, A. (2018). Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative properties of black, red, and brown rice bran. Chemistry Central Journal, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0382-9
  10. Ghatak, S. B., & Panchal, S. S. (2012). Anti-diabetic activity of oryzanol and its relationship with the anti-oxidant property. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 32(4), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-012-0086-y
  11. Hlaing, E. E., Piamrojanaphat, P., Lailerd, N., Phaonakrop, N., & Roytrakul, S. (2017). Anti-Diabetic Activity and Metabolic Changes in Purple Rice Bran Supplement Type 2 Diabetic Rats by Proteomics. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 9(3), 428–436.
  12. Hlaing, E. E., Rungcharoenarrichit, S., Lailerd, N., Roytrakul, S., & Piamrojanaphat, P. (2019). Purple Rice Bran Improves Hepatic Insulin Signaling via Activation of Akt and Stabilization of IGF in Diabetic Rats. In Dietary Interventions in Liver Disease: Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Supplements. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814466-4.00025-2
  13. Hlaing, E. E., Rungjarernarreejitt, S., Fakfum, P., Kamdenlek, P., & Piamrojanaphat, P. (2018). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Innovation. Asian Jpurnal of Pharmaceutical Technology & Innovation, 06(38), 33–39. http://www.asianpharmtech.com/index.php?journal=AJPTI&page=article&op=download&path[]=3&path[]=23
  14. International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas. 9th edn. https://www.diabetesatlas.org
  15. Issara, U., & Rawdkuen, S. (2016). Rice bran: A potential of main ingredient in healthy beverage. International Food Research Journal, 23(6), 2306–2318.
  16. Jun, H. Il, Shin, J. W., Song, G. S., & Kim, Y. S. (2015). Isolation and Identification of Phenolic Antioxidants in Black Rice Bran. Journal of Food Science, 80(2), C262–C268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12754
  17. Kaup, R. M., Khayyal, M. T., & Verspohl, E. J. (2013). Antidiabetic effects of a standardized Egyptian rice bran extract. Phytotherapy Research, 27(2), 264–271. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4705
  18. Kharroubi, A. T. (2015). Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(6), 850. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850
  19. Kozuka, C., Sunagawa, S., Ueda, R., Higa, M., Tanaka, H., Shimizu-Okabe, C., Ishiuchi, S., Takayama, C., Matsushita, M., Tsutsui, M., Miyazaki, J. I., Oyadomari, S., Shimabukuro, M., & Masuzaki, H. (2015). γ-Oryzanol protects pancreatic β-cells against endoplasmic reticulum stress in male mice. Endocrinology (United States), 156(4), 1242–1250. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1748
  20. Krisbianto, O., Astuti, M., & Marsono, Y. (2016). Antihyperglycemic Effect and Antioxidant Properties of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) Cereal and Anthocyanin Extract on Health and Histopathology of Hyperglycemic Rats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 15(7), 702–707.
  21. Kristamtini, Taryono, Basunanda, P., Murti, R. H., & Supriyanta. (2012). Morphological of Genetic Relationships Among Black Rice Landraces From Yogyakarta and Surrounding Areas. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 7(12), 982–989.
  22. Lee, J. S., Kim, Y. R., Song, I. G., Ha, S. J., Kim, Y. E., Baek, N. I., & Hong, E. K. (2015). Cyanidin-3-glucoside isolated from mulberry fruit protects pancreatic β-cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 35(2), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.2013
  23. Li, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Sun, R., & Xia, M. (2015). Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Journal of Nutrition, 145(4), 742–748. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.205674
  24. Lolok, N., Selpirahmawati, Ikawati, N., Yuliastri, W. O., & Isrul, M. (2020). Antidiabetic effects of red rice bran extract (Oryza nivara) and black rice bran extract (oryza sativa L. indica) in wistar white rat by glucose induction method. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(11), 5134–5138. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2020.00898.7
  25. Martín, J., Kuskoski, E. M., Navas, M. J., & Asuero, A. G. (2017). Antioxidant Capacity of Anthocyanin Pigments. In Flavonoids - From Biosynthesis to Human Health (pp. 205–255). https://doi.org/10.5772/67718
  26. Nagendra Prasad MN, N. P., KR, S., & Khatokar M, S. (2011). Health Benefits of Rice Bran - A Review. Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences, 01(03). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000108
  27. Nakamura, S., Hara, T., Joh, T., Kobayashi, A., Yamazaki, A., Kasuga, K., Ikeuchi, T., & Ohtsubo, K. (2017). Effects of super-hard rice bread blended with black rice bran on amyloid β peptide production and abrupt increase in postprandial blood glucose levels in mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 81(2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1240605
  28. Okudan, N., Barişkaner, H., Gökbel, H., Şahin, A. S., Belviranli, M., & Baysal, H. (2011). The effect of supplementation of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on vascular dysfunction in experimental diabetes. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14(11), 1298–1302. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0030
  29. Posuwan, J., Prangthip, P., Leardkamolkarn, V., Yamborisut, U., Surasiang, R., Charoensiri, R., & Kongkachuichai, R. (2013). Long-term supplementation of high pigmented rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) on amelioration of oxidative stress and histological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed a high fat diet; Riceberry bran oil. Food Chemistry, 138(1), 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.144
  30. Prasad, B. J., Sharavanan, P. S., & Sivaraj, R. (2020). Health benefits of black rice – A review. Grain & Oil Science and Technology, 3(4), 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2020.11.001
  31. Rajasekhar, S., Subramanyam, M. V. V., & Asha Devi, S. (2021). Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract suppresses oxidative stress in the rat pancreas of type-1 diabetes. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 0(0), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2021.1894452
  32. Rajendiran, D., Packirisamy, S., & Gunasekaran, K. (2018). A review on role of antioxidants in diabetes. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(2), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23241
  33. Rózańska, D., & Regulska-Ilow, B. (2018). The significance of anthocyanins in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 27(1), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/64983
  34. Saji, N., Francis, N., Schwarz, L. J., Blanchard, C. L., & Santhakumar, A. B. (2020). Secretion and Gene Expression Associated with β -Cell Function. Nutrients, 12(1889), 1–13. https://doi.org/doi:10.3390/nu12061889
  35. Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N. S., Rashid, M., & Hamid, A. (2015). Effect Of Diet Counseling On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4(8), 112–118.
  36. Sapwarobol, S., Saphyakhajorn, W., & Astina, J. (2021). Biological Functions and Activities of Rice Bran as a Functional Ingredient: A Review. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 14, 117863882110585. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786388211058559
  37. Sari, N., & Wahyuni, A. S. (2017). Effect of Black Rice Bran Extract to Decrease Glucose Level of Diabetic Rats. Pharmacon, 18, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v14i1.539
  38. Sarikaphuti, A., Nararatwanchai, T., Hashiguchi, T., Ito, T., Thaworanunta, S., Kikuchi, K., Oyama, Y., Maruyama, I., & Tancharoen, S. (2013). Preventive effects of Morus alba L. anthocyanins on diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 6(3), 689–695. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2013.1203
  39. Selvaraj, S. R., Vedantham, S., Balasubramanyam, M., Diabetes, M., & Tatu, U. (2007). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress & diabetes. November 2016.
  40. Soares, J. M. D., Leal, A. E. B. P., Silva, J. C., Almeida, J. R. G. S., & Oliveira, H. P. de. (2017). The Influence of Flavonoids on Mechanism of Modulation of Insulin Secretion. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13(52), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm
  41. Sulaiman, A. (2014). Effect of single oral dose of proanthocyanidin on postprandial hyperglycemia in healthy rats: A comparative study with sitagliptin. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 3(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20140409032513
  42. Sun, C. De, Zhang, B., Zhang, J. K., Xu, C. J., Wu, Y. L., Li, X., & Chen, K. S. (2012). Cyanidin-3-glucoside-rich extract from Chinese bayberry fruit protects pancreatic β cells and ameliorates hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Journal of Medicinal Food, 15(3), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.1806
  43. Sun, Y., Xiu, C., Liu, W., Tao, Y., Wang, J., & Qu, Y. (2016). Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract protects the retina against early diabetic injury by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11(4), 1253–1258. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3033
  44. van der Schaft, N., Schoufour, J. D., Nano, J., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., Muka, T., Sijbrands, E. J. G., Ikram, M. A., Franco, O. H., & Voortman, T. (2019). Dietary antioxidant capacity and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes and insulin resistance: the Rotterdam Study. European Journal of Epidemiology, 34(9), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00548-9
  45. Wahyuni, A. S., Munawaroh, R., & Da’i, M. (2016). Antidiabetic mechanism of ethanol extract of black rice bran on diabetic rats. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(2), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2015.5.1111201590
  46. Watanabe, M. (2016). Effects of black rice containing anthocyanins on plasma and hepatic parameters in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Food Science and Technology Research, 22(5), 719–725. https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.22.719
  47. Wongmekiat, O., Lailerd, N., Kobroob, A., & Peerapanyasut, W. (2021). Protective effects of purple rice husk against diabetic nephropathy by modulating pgc-1α/sirt3/sod2 signaling and maintaining mitochondrial redox equilibrium in rats. Biomolecules, 11(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081224
  48. Yokozawa, T., Cho, E. J., Park, C. H., & Kim, J. H. (2012). Protective effect of proanthocyanidin against diabetic oxidative stress. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/623879
  49. Zhang, M. W., Zhang, R. F., Zhang, F. X., & Liu, R. H. (2010). Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of black rice bran of different commercially available varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(13), 7580–7587. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1007665
  50. Zheng, H. X., Qi, S. S., He, J., Hu, C. Y., Han, H., Jiang, H., & Li, X. S. (2020).
  51. Cyanidin-3-glucoside from Black Rice Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy via Reducing Blood Glucose, Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Regulating Transforming Growth Factor β1/Smad Expression. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(15), 4399–4410. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00680

Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 Rafika Eviana, Nyoman Suci Widyastiti, Endang Mahati
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal
Published by: Department of Nutrition at the Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Ministry of Health.
Soekarno-Hatta Street, No. 168. Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, 23352. Telp/Fax: 0651 46126 / 0651 46121.
Website: https://gizipoltekkesaceh.ac.id/
E-mail: jurnal6121@gmail.com

e-issn: 2548-5741, p-issn: 2527-3310

All content is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License

View My Stats

Get a feed by atom here, RRS2 here and OAI Links here