Association between Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) and nutritional status among indonesian adolescents: A case study in Bogor District

Lorita Amanda Sardi -  Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University. Bogor, Indonesia
Lilik Kustiyah* -  Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University. Bogor, Indonesia
Cesilia Meti Dwiriani -  Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University. Bogor, Indonesia
DOI : 10.30867/action.v11i1.2995

Adolescents are a population group highly vulnerable to nutritional problems due to rapid physical growth, increased nutrient needs, and the formation of long-term eating habits. Understanding the quality of their diet is essential for preventing both nutrient deficiencies and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to assess adolescent diet quality using the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) and its Indonesian modification (GDQS-I) and examine their association with nutritional status. The GDQS was developed to meet the need for a concise, sensitive, and globally applicable metric capable of evaluating both undernutrition and the risk of NCDs. This cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2025 and included 61 eighth-grade students from SMPN 2 Ciomas, Bogor. Dietary intake was assessed using repeated 2×24-hour food recalls, and nutritional status was determined through anthropometric measurements using the BMI-for-age index. The results showed that most adolescents had a normal nutritional status (82%); however, their diet quality was generally poor, with 67.2% categorized as high-risk based on the GDQS and 95.1% based on the GDQS-I. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated significantly lower GDQS-I scores than GDQS scores (p<0.001). The Spearman correlation test found no significant association between diet quality and nutritional status (p>0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that the GDQS-I may be useful for screening dietary risks among Indonesian adolescents, although further validation is required.

Keywords : Adolescents, diet quality, GDQS, GDQS-I, nutritional status

  1. Al Rahmad, A. H., Miko, A., Labatjo, R., Fajriansyah, F., Fitri, Y., & Suryana, S. (2020). Malnutrition prevalence among toddlers based on family characteristics: A cross-sectional study in the rural and urban areas of Aceh, Indonesia. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 49(3), 263. https://doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v49i3.9145
  2. Amalia, N. N., Dieny, F. F., Candra, A., & Nissa, C. (2023). Hubungan daya terima makanan dengan kualitas diet pada santri. Gizi Indonesia, 46(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.36457/gizindo.v46i1.761
  3. Amoadu, M., Abraham, S. A., Adams, A. K., Akoto-Buabeng, W., Obeng, P., & Hagan, J. E. (2024). Risk factors of malnutrition among in-school children and adolescents in developing countries: A scoping review. Children, 11(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040476
  4. Androutsos, O., Tsiampalis, T., Kouvari, M., Manou, M., Dimopoulou, M., Georgiou, A., Kosti, R. I., & Charmandari, E. (2023). Assessment of diet quality in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity in Greece. Children, 10(7), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10071261
  5. Arsenault, J. E., Ali, N. B., Atayde, A. M. P., Batis, C., Becquey, E., Bromage, S., Deitchler, M., Diop, L., Gelli, A., Gutierrez, A. C., Kehoe, S. H., Krishnaveni, G. V., Leonardo, S., Moursi, M., & Nkengfack, B. T. (2025). Development and validation of the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) for children 5 to 9 years of age. Nutrition Reviews, 83(Supplement_1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae146
  6. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik Indonesia 2023. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/29/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f/statistik-indonesia-2020.html
  7. Bromage, S., Batis, C., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Fawzi, W. W., Fung, T. T., Li, Y., Deitchler, M., Angulo, E., Birk, N., Castellanos-Gutiérrez, A., He, Y., Fang, Y., Matsuzaki, M., Zhang, Y., Moursi, M., Gicevic, S., Holmes, M. D., Isanaka, S., Kinra, S., … Willett, W. C. (2021). Development and validation of a novel food-based Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS). The Journal of Nutrition, 151, 75S–92S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab244
  8. Dewi, N. U., Khomsan, A., Dwiriani, C. M., Riyadi, H., Ekayanti, I., Hartini, D. A., & Fadjriyah, R. N. (2023). Factors associated with diet quality among adolescents in a post-disaster area: A cross-sectional study in Indonesia. Nutrients, 15(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051101
  9. Gaupholm, J., Papadopoulos, A., Asif, A., Dodd, W., & Little, M. (2023). The influence of food environments on dietary behaviour and nutrition in Southeast Asia: A systematic scoping review. Nutrition and Health, 29(2), 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060221112810
  10. Giannetti, A., Pession, A., Bettini, I., Ricci, G., Giannì, G., & Caffarelli, C. (2023). IgE mediated shellfish allergy in children—A review. Nutrients, 15(14), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143112
  11. Intake. (2022). The Global Diet Quality Score toolkit (Issue October). Intake – Center for Dietary Assessment at FHI 360.
  12. Intake. (2024). Country stories that inspire: Motivating GDQS data to action (Issue October). Intake – Center for Dietary Assessment at FHI 360.
  13. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2017). Bahan ajar gizi: Penilaian status gizi (Edisi 2017). Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
  14. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023. Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan, Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/ski-2023-dalam-angka/
  15. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. (2021). Buletin konsumsi pangan tahun 2021. Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian, Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. http://epublikasi.setjen.pertanian.go.id/arsip-buletin/53-buletin-konsumsi/772-buku-buletin-konsumsi-pangan-semester-i-2021
  16. Kishino, M., Hida, A., Chadeka, E. A., Inoue, M., Osada-Oka, M., Matsumoto, S., Njenga, S. M., Hamano, S., & Nagi, S. (2024). Association between diet quality and risk of stunting among school-aged children in Schistosoma mansoni endemic area of western Kenya: A cross-sectional study. Tropical Medicine and Health, 52(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-023-00566-0
  17. Larruy-García, A., Mahmood, L., Miguel-Berges, M. L., Masip, G., Seral-Cortés, M., De Miguel-Etayo, P., & Moreno, L. A. (2024). Diet quality scores, obesity and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Obesity Reports, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-024-00589-6
  18. Maneschy, I., Jimeno, A., María, M., Berges, L. M., Rupérez, A. I., Daniela, A., Ramiréz, O., Masip, G., & Moreno, L. A. (2024). Eating behaviours and dietary intake in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Current Nutrition Reports, 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-024-00544-w
  19. Nguyen, P. H., Tran, L. M., Hoang, N. T., Deitchler, M., Moursi, M., & Bergeron, G. (2023). The Global Diet Quality Score is associated with nutrient adequacy and depression among Vietnamese youths. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1528(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.15053
  20. Norris, S. A., Frongillo, E. A., Black, M. M., Dong, Y., Fall, C., Lampl, M., Liese, A. D., Naguib, M., Prentice, A., Rochat, T., Stephensen, C. B., Tinago, C. B., Ward, K. A., Wrottesley, S. V., & Patton, G. C. (2022). Nutrition in adolescent growth and development. The Lancet, 399(10320), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01590-7
  21. Oy, S., Witjaksono, F., Mustafa, A., Setyobudi, S. I., & Fahmida, U. (2019). Problem nutrients in adolescent girls with anemia versus nonanemic adolescent girls and the optimized food-based recommendations to meet adequacy of these nutrients in adolescent school girls in East Java, Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 40(3), 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572119851326
  22. Pries, A. M., Feeley, A., & Kupka, R. (2025). Diet quality among older adolescent boys and girls in the Southeast Asia region. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13774
  23. Rah, J. H., Melse-Boonstra, A., Agustina, R., van Zutphen, K. G., & Kraemer, K. (2021). The triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 42(1_suppl), S4–S8. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721211007114
  24. Ranisavljev, M., Kurniawan, A. L., Ferrero, E., Shinde, S., Zhao, S., Partap, U., Mkwanazi, N., Dah, N. C., Agure, E., Berhane, H. Y., Neumann, C., Alangea, D. O., Liu, S., Ostojic, S. M., Fawzi, W. W., Walsh, F., Bärnighausen, T., Ouédraogo, M., Napon, K., … Laxy, M. (2025). Community-based interventions addressing multiple forms of malnutrition among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. Nutrition Journal, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-025-01136-2
  25. Robinson, E., Boyland, E., Chisholm, A., Harrold, J., Maloney, N. G., Marty, L., Mead, B. R., Noonan, R., & Hardman, C. A. (2021). Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: A study of UK adults. Appetite, 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104853
  26. Said, F. A., Khamis, A. G., Salmin, A. H., Msellem, S. N., Mdachi, K., Noor, R., Leyna, G., & McHau, G. J. (2023). Influence of diet quality on nutritional status of school-aged children and adolescents in Zanzibar, Tanzania. PLOS ONE, 18(10), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293316
  27. Sekarini, A. G. A., Fitranti, D. Y., Tsani, A. F. A., & Noer, E. R. (2022). Hubungan emotional eating dan kualitas diet dengan kenaikan berat badan pada mahasiswi saat pandemi COVID-19. Amerta Nutrition, 6(3), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v6i3.2022.272-280
  28. Susetyowati, S., Huriyati, E., Faza, F., Sanubari, N. D. G., & Syauqy, A. (2025). Development of a quality eating index and its relationship with nutritional status in adults. Journal of Public Health Research, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/22799036251329420
  29. Wan, L., Jakkilinki, P. D., Singer, M. R., Bradlee, M. L., & Moore, L. L. (2020). A longitudinal study of fruit juice consumption during preschool years and subsequent diet quality and BMI. BMC Nutrition, 6(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00347-6
  30. Zheng, X., Wang, H., & Wu, H. (2023). Association between diet quality scores and risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03966-7

Open Access Copyright (c) 2026 Lorita Amanda Sardi, Lilik Kustiyah, Cesilia Meti Dwiriani
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal
Published by: Department of Nutrition at the Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Ministry of Health.
Soekarno-Hatta Street, No. 168. Health Polytechnic of Aceh, Aceh Besar, 23352. Telp/Fax: 0651 46126 / 0651 46121.
Website: https://gizipoltekkesaceh.ac.id/
E-mail: jurnal6121@gmail.com

e-issn: 2548-5741, p-issn: 2527-3310

All content is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License

View My Stats

Get a feed by atom here, RRS2 here and OAI Links here