Hubungan antara faktor sosiodemografi dan kesadaran pola makan seimbang pada orang dewasa di Kota Kediri, Jawa Timur

Author(s): Riza Yuliawati, Ridha Rachmathiany, Ardi Bastian, Ema Mayasari
DOI: 10.30867/gikes.v7i1.2528

Abstract

Background: Awareness refers to a person ’scomprehension of a certain topic and realization that the topic is important for them. Lack of awareness of a balanced diet can lead to nutrient-related diseases, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, or iron deficiency, resulting in excess or deficient diet intake.  Data from 2022 states that more than 1 billion people worldwide suffer from obesity, including 650 million adults, 340 million adolescents, and 39 million children.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify demographic factors (sex, age, education level, and income level) associated with nutritional awareness. Research.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey using accidental sampling of 581 respondents aged 15–70 years was conducted in Kediri between March 4 and 14, 2025. The survey collected respondents’ sociodemographic attributes and nutritional awareness. Spearman and Chi Square test were performed to asses correlation between variables using SPSS version 26 for MacOS.

Results: Some sociodemographic attributes were significantly correlated with dietary awareness (age, p < 0.000, r = 0.207; income, p = 0.000, r = 0.162; and sex, p = 0.000, r = 0.252) but not with nutritional awareness (p values = 0.000, p-values = 0.000, p-values = 0.000); in contrast, the level of education was not correlated with nutritional awareness (p = 0.512).

Conclusion: Some sociodemographic attributes (age, income, gender) correlate with nutritional awareness while education level has no relationship.

Keywords

Nutrition, Awareness, Sociodemographic Factors

Full Text:

PDF

References

Al-Jawaldeh, A., & Abbass, M. M. S. (2022). Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Obesity: The Major Risk Factors Beyond Non-Communicable Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 817808. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.817808

Alkerwi, A., Vernier, C., Sauvageot, N., Crichton, G. E., & Elias, M. F. (2015). Demographic and socioeconomic disparity in nutrition: application of a novel Correlated Component Regression approach. BMJ Open, 5(5), e006814. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006814

Alrougui, K., Alshammari, G. M., Alrwis, K. N., Alabdulkarem, K. B., & Yahya, M. A. (2025). Nutritional status and associated socioeconomic factors among low-income Saudi females. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 9, 1510426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1510426

Ara, I., Maqbool, M., & Gani, I. (2022). Reproductive Health of Women: implications and attributes. International Journal of Current Research in Physiology and Pharmacology, 8–18.

Barberis, N., Gugliandolo, M. C., Costa, S., & Cannavò, M. (2022). Healthy and binge eating behaviours: the motivational processes underlying peer pressure. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(5), 1144–1153. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1903054

Bogenschneider, K., & Corbett, T. (2021). Evidence-based policymaking: Envisioning a new era of theory, research, and practice. Routledge.

Burnatowska, E., Wikarek, A., Oboza, P., Ogarek, N., Glinianowicz, M., Kocelak, P., & Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M. (2023). Emotional Eating and Binge Eating Disorders and Night Eating Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—A Vicious Circle of Disease: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15(2), 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020295

Coombs, N. C., Campbell, D. G., & Caringi, J. (2022). A qualitative study of rural healthcare providers’ views of social, cultural, and programmatic barriers to healthcare access. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07829-2

Faronbi, J. O., Awoleye, T. E., Idowu, O. A., & Olagbegi, O. M. (2024). Association of nutrition, physical activity, and morbidity among older adults. Journal of Public Health, 9, 775543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-02186-8

Faronbi, J. O., Awoleye, T. E., Idowu, O. A., & Olagbegi, O. M. (2024). Association of nutrition, physical activity, and morbidity among older adults. Journal of Public Health, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-023-02186-8

Fowler, N., Mikhail, M. E., Neale, M., Keel, P. K., Katzman, D. K., Sisk, C. L., Burt, S. A., & Klump, K. L. (2023). Between- and within-person effects of stress on emotional eating in women: a longitudinal study over 49 days. Psychological Medicine, 53(11), 5167–5176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722002185

Shendy M. F, & Mamonto, M. A. W. W. (2023). Consumer Protection Against Processed Food Advertisements with Misleading Health Claims. Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 3(2), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku1433

Golzarand, M., Salari-Moghaddam, A., & Mirmiran, P. (2022). Association between alcohol intake and overweight and obesity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 127 observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(29), 8078–8098. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1925221

Herdiani, T. N., Manujung, V. H. S., & Mutiara, V. S. (2021). Study Literature Review Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Status Gizi Remaja Putri. CHMK Midwifery Scientific Journal, 4(1), 243–257. http://cyber-chmk.net/ojs/index.php/bidan/article/view/967

Hung, Y., Wijnhoven, H. A. H., Visser, M., & Verbeke, W. (2019). Appetite and Protein Intake Strata of Older Adults in the European Union: Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics, Diet-Related and Physical Activity Behaviours. Nutrients, 11(4), 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040777

Jackson, A. M., Parker, L., Sano, Y., Cox, A. E., & Lanigan, J. (2024). Associations between body image, eating behavior, and diet quality. Nutrition and Health, 30(1), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060221090696

Jacob, J. S., & Panwar, N. (2023). Effect of age and gender on dietary patterns, mindful eating, body image and confidence. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01290-4

Kurniawan, F., & Aristianti, V. (2021, June 21). Penyakit Jantung dan Kanker 25 Persen Duduki Pembiayaan BPJS Kesehatan. https://fkkmk.ugm.ac.id/penyakit-jantung-dan-kanker-25-persen-duduki-pembiayaan-bpjs-kesehatan/

Liu, K. S. N., Chen, J. Y., Ng, M. Y. C., Yeung, M. H. Y., Bedford, L. E., & Lam, C. L. K. (2021). How Does the Family Influence Adolescent Eating Habits in Terms of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices? A Global Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. Nutrients, 13(11), 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113717

Lombardo, M., Feraco, A., Camajani, E., Gorini, S., Strollo, R., Armani, A., Padua, E., & Caprio, M. (2024). Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns and Physical Activity on Body Composition: A Gender and Age Group Comparative Study. Foods, 13(4), 529. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040529

Margiyanti, N. J. (2021). Analisis Tingkat Pengetahuan, Body Image dan Pola Makan terhadap Status Gizi Remaja Putri. Jurnal Akademika Baiturrahim Jambi, 10(1), 231. https://doi.org/10.36565/jab.v10i1.341

Mello, S., Tan, A. S. L., Sanders-Jackson, A., & Bigman, C. A. (2019). Gender Stereotypes and Preconception Health: Men’s and Women’s Expectations of Responsibility and Intentions to Engage in Preventive Behaviors. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-018-2654-3

Mizia, S., Felińczak, A., Włodarek, D., & Syrkiewicz-Świtała, M. (2021). Evaluation of Eating Habits and Their Impact on Health among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083996

Nandi, R., Nedumaran, S., & Ravula, P. (2021). The interplay between food market access and farm household dietary diversity in low and middle income countries: A systematic review of literature. Global Food Security, 28, 100484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100484

Osuna, M. M., & Ailshire, J. (2023). Health And Aging Among Latin American Older Adults: Findings From Studies In Brazil, Chile, Colombia, And Mexico. Innovation in Aging, 7(Supplement_1), 374–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1244

Oviedo-Solís, C. I., Hernández-Alcaraz, C., Sánchez-Ortíz, N. A., López-Olmedo, N., Jáuregui, A., & Barquera, S. (2022). Association of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with dietary patterns among men and women living in Mexico City: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 859132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.859132

Rippin, H. L., Hutchinson, J., Greenwood, D. C., Jewell, J., Breda, J. J., Martin, A., Rippin, D. M., Schindler, K., Rust, P., Fagt, S., Matthiessen, J., Nurk, E., Nelis, K., Kukk, M., Tapanainen, H., Valsta, L., Heuer, T., Sarkadi-Nagy, E., Bakacs, M., … Cade, J. E. (2020). Inequalities in education and national income are associated with poorer diet: Pooled analysis of individual participant data across 12 European countries. PLoS ONE, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232447

Riyanto, S., Asturiningtyas, I. P., Setianingsih, I., & Machfutra, E. D. (2023). Dietary Habits Based on Indonesian Dietary Guidelines During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Al-Sihah: The Public Health Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-sihah.v15i2.41266

Russell, C., Baker, P., Grimes, C., Lindberg, R., & Lawrence, M. A. (2023). Global trends in added sugars and non-nutritive sweetener use in the packaged food supply: drivers and implications for public health. Public Health Nutrition, 26(5), 952–964. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980022001598

Sabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Brothers, A., Diehl, M., Wahl, H. W., Ballard, C., Collins, R., Corbett, A., Brooker, H., & Clare, L. (2022). Differences in awareness of positive and negative age-related changes accounting for variability in health outcomes. European Journal of Ageing, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00673-z

Santos, O., Alarcão, V., Feteira-Santos, R., Fernandes, J., Virgolino, A., Sena, C., Vieira, C. P., Gregório, M. J., Nogueira, P., Graça, P., Costa, A., Jáuregui, A., Vargas-Meza, J., Nieto, C., Contreras-Manzano, A., Alejandro, N. Z., Tolentino-Mayo, L., Hall, M. G., & Barquera, S. (2020). Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labels on consumer purchasing intentions: a randomized experiment in low- and middle-income Mexican adults. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 104795. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08549-0

Ssentongo, P., Ssentongo, A. E., Ba, D. M., Ericson, J. E., Na, M., Gao, X., Fronterre, C., Chinchilli, V. M., & Schiff, S. J. (2021). Global, regional and national epidemiology and prevalence of child stunting, wasting and underweight in low- and middle-income countries, 2006–2018. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84302-w

Sumińska, M., Podgórski, R., Bogusz‐Górna, K., Skowrońska, B., Mazur, A., & Fichna, M. (2022). Historical and cultural aspects of obesity: From a symbol of wealth and prosperity to the epidemic of the 21st century. Obesity Reviews, 23(6), e13440. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13440

Vargas-Meza, J., Jáuregui, A., Contreras-Manzano, A., Nieto, C., & Barquera, S. (2019). Acceptability and understanding of front-of-pack nutritional labels: an experimental study in Mexican consumers. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1751. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8108-z

Venegas-Aviles, Y., Rodríguez-Ramírez, S., Salinas-Rodríguez, A., & Sánchez-Pimienta, T. G. (2025). Association of sociodemographic factors and a healthy and sustainable dietary pattern in adult population in Mexico, United States, and Canada: a cross-sectional study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 122(1), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.05.010

Vilar-Compte, M., Burrola-Méndez, S., Lozano-Marrufo, A., Ferré-Eguiluz, I., Flores, D., Gaitán-Rossi, P., Teruel, G., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2021). Urban poverty and nutrition challenges associated with accessibility to a healthy diet: a global systematic literature review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01330-0

Volpi, F. (2022, March 4). World Obesity Day 2022 – Accelerating action to stop obesity. WHO. https://www.who.int/news/item/04-03-2022-world-obesity-day-2022-accelerating-action-to-stop-obesity

Weil, K., Coulibaly, I., Fuelbert, H., Herrmann, A., Millogo, R. M., & Danquah, I. (2023). Dietary patterns and their socioeconomic factors of adherence among adults in urban Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 42(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-023-00451-w

WHO. (2023, October 31). Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases#:~:text=Noncommunicable%20diseases%20(NCDs)%20kill%2041,of%20the%20response%20to%20NCDs.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30867/gikes.v7i1.2528

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.